Medical Polymer Group

Medical Polymer Group

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Journal Articles

  1. Malito, J. Sov, B. Gludavitz, R.O. Ritchie, and L. Pruitt, “ Fracture Toughness of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: A basis for defining the crack-initiation toughness in polymers,” submitted to J. Mech. Phys. Solids (2018).
  2. Malito, S. Arevalo, A. Kozac, S. Spiegelberg, A. Bellare and L. Pruitt, “Material Properties of Ultra Molecular Weight Polyethylene: Comparison of Tension, Compression, Nanomechanics and Microstructure across Clinical Formulations, 83 9-19 Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials (2018).
  3. Ford, S. Li, J. Sov, H. Grammlin, A. Srinivasan and L. Pruitt, “Micromechanisms of Fatigue Crack Growth in Polycarbonate Urethanes: Time dependent and conditioning effects,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 79 324-331 (2018).
  4. Furmanski and L. Pruitt, “Static Mode Fatigue Crack Propagation and Generalized Stress Intensity Correlation for Fatigue-Brittle Polymers,” International Journal of Fracture, Accepted, in press (2018).
  5. Bonnheim, H. Gramling, M. Ries, D. VanCitters, and L. Pruitt, “Fatigue Fracture of a Cemented Omnifit Femoral Stem: Case Report and Failure Analysis,” Arthroplasty Today, 3 234-238 (2017).
  6. Ansari, B. Gludovatz, R.O.Ritchie, and L. Pruitt, “Notch Fatigue in UHMWPE used in Total Joint Replacements: A Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Approach,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 60, 267-279, July (2016).
  7. Ansari, T. Lee, L. Malito, A. Martin, T. Norris, S. Gunther, M. Ries, D. VanCitters and L. Pruitt, “Analysis of Severely Fractured Glenoid Components: Clinical Consequences of Biomechanics, Design and Materials Selection on Implant Performance,” Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 25, 1041-1050 (2016).
  8. D. Ries, F. Ansari, and L.Pruitt, “Effect of Processing, Sterilization and Crosslinking on UHMWPE Fatigue Fracture and Fatigue Wear Mechanisms in Total Joint Arthroplasty,” Invited Review Paper, Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 53 329-340 (2016); online August 29 (2015).
  9. Patten, D. VanCitters, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Quantifying Cross-shear under Sliding, Rolling, and Rotation and its Effect on UHMWPE Wear,” WEAR, 313 125-134 (2014).
  10. Ansari, T. Norris, S.B. Gunther, M.Ries and L.Pruitt, “Failure of Modular Reversed Shoulder Stems,” Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 23 e40-45 (2014).
  11. Ansari, J. Chang, J. Huddleston, D. Van Citters, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Fractography and Oxidative Analysis of Posterior-Stabilized Tibial Insert Post Fractures: Report of Two Cases,” The Knee Dec 2016:609-13 (2013).
  12. Gundiah, A. Babu and L. Pruitt, “Effects of Elastase and Collagenase on the Nonlinearity and Anisotropy of Porcine Aorta,” Physiological Measurement 34 1-17 (2013).
  13. Patten, D. VanCitters, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Wear of UHMWPE from Sliding, Rolling, and Rotation in a Multidirectional Tribosystem,” WEAR, 304, 60-66 (2013).
  14. Iyenger, R. Usoff, M. Feldstein, P. Jreij, L. Pruitt, M. Ries, and S. Morsh, “Atypical Subtrochanteric Stress Fracture Through a Cephalomedullary Implant: A Case Study,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Case Connector 3(2) 1-6, June (2013).
  15. Pruitt, M. Kury, F. Ansari, A. Mehdizah, J. Huddlestein, D. Mickelson, H. Kim, E. Patten, J. Chang, and M. Ries, “Clinical Trade-offs in Crosslinked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene used in Total Joint Arthroplasty,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B, Invited contribution, 101B (10,) 476-484, April (2013).
  16. Shelby, F. Ansari, E. Patten, L. Pruitt, G. Walker and J. Wang, “Teaching as Leadership: Use of K-12 outreach education in a freshman engineering course,” International Journal of Engineering Education 29(1), 85-98, (2013).
  17. Laidre, E. Patten and L. Pruitt, “Costs of a More Spacious Home after Remodelling by Hermit Crabs,“ Journal of Royal Society Interface, RSIF2012.0512, August 15 (2012).
  18. S. Fajardo, L. Pruitt, F.C. Finzen, G.W. Marshall, S. Singh, and D. Curtis “The Effect of E-Glass Fibers and Acrylic Resin Thickness on Fracture Load in a Simulated Implant-Supported Over-denture Prosthesis,” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 106(6), 373-377 (2011).
  19. Li, T. Alliston and L. Pruitt, “The use of Polyacrylide Gels for Mechanical Calibration of Cartilage- A Combined Nanoindentation and Unconfined Compression Study,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomaterials and Tissues, 4(7), 1540-1547 (2011).
  20. Atwood, E. Patten, D.W Van Citters, J. Furmanski, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Tradeoffs Amongst Fatigue, Wear and Oxidation Resistance of Crosslinked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomaterials and Tissues 4(7), 1033-1045 (2011).
  21. Patten, S. Atwood, D.W Van Citters, B.A Jewett, L. Pruitt, and M.D. Ries, “Delamination of a Highly Crosslinked UHMWPE Acetabular Liner Associated with Titanium Deposits on the Co-Cr Head Following Dislocation: A Case Report,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British) 92-B 1306-1311 (2010).
  22. Atwood, E. Patten, K.J. Bozic, L. Pruitt, and Mike Ries, “Corrosion-Induced Fracture of a Double-Modular Hip Prosthesis: A Case Study,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 92: 1522 – 1525 (2010).
  23. Kane, P.D. Ashby, and L.A. Pruitt, “Microscale Wear Behavior and Crosslinking of PEG-Like Coatings for Total Joint Replacements,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Research, 21 1037-1045 (2010).
  24. Kane, P.D. Ashby, and L. Pruitt, “Characterization and Tribology of PEG-Like Coatings on UHMWPE for Total Hip Replacements,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 92A: 1500–1509 (2010).
  25. Kane, P. Ashby, and L. Pruitt, “ATR- FTIR as a Thickness Measurement Technique for Hydrated Polymer-onPolymer Coatings,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Appl Biomater 91B: 613–620, (2009).
  26. Furmanski and L. Pruitt, “Polymeric biomaterials for use in load‐bearing medical devices: The need for understanding structure-property-design relationships,” Invited contribution, JOM, September, 14-20 (2009).
  27. Furmanski, M. Anderson, S. Bal, S. Greenwald, D. Halley, B. Penenberg, M. Ries and L. Pruitt, “Clinical Rim Fracture of Cross-linked Acatebular Liners,” Biomaterials 30 5572–5582 (2009).
  28. Gupta, J. Lin, P.D. Ashby and L. Pruitt, “A Fiber Reinforced Poroelastic Model of Nanoindentation of Porcine Costal Cartilage: A Combined Experimental and Finite Element Approach,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2(4) 326-338 (2009).
  29. Hansma, H.Yu , D. Schultz, A. Rodriguez, E. Yurtsev , J. Orr , S. Tang, J. Miller, J. Wallace, F. Zok, C. Li, R. Souza,
  30. Proctor, Davis Brimer, X. Nogues-Solan, L. Mellbovsky, M. Peña, O. Diez-Ferrer, P. Matthews, C. Randall, A. Kuo , Carol Chen , M. Peters, D. Kohn , J. Buckley, X. Li, L. Pruitt, A. Diez-Perez, T. Alliston , V. Weaver, and J. Lotz, “A Handheld Instrument for Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Tissues,” Review of Scientific Instruments, 80 054303 (2009).
  31. Gundiah, M, Ratcliffe, and L. Pruitt, “The biomechanics of arterial elastin,” Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2(3) 288-296 (2009).
  32. M. Ebenstein, D. Coughlin, J. Chapman, C. Li, and L. Pruitt, “Structure-property relations of atherosclerotic plaque tissue,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A Dec 23 e-Pub (2008).
  33. M. Rimnac and L. Pruitt, “How do Material Properties Influence Wear and Fracture Mechanisms?” Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 16(1) S94-S100 (2008).
  34. Furmanski, S. Gupta, A. Chawan, A. Kohm, J. Lannutti, B. Jewett, L. Pruitt, and M. Ries, “Aspherical Femoral Head with Highly Cross-Linked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Surface Cracking. A Case Report,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 89(10): 2266 – 2270 (2007).
  35. Gupta, F. Carrillo, C. Li, L. Pruitt, and C. Puttlitz, “Adhesive Forces Significantly Affect Elastic Modulus
  36. Determination of Soft Polymeric Materials in Nanoindentation,” Journal of Materials Science Letters 61(2):448-451(2007). 35. J. Furmanski and L. Pruitt, “Peak stress intensity dictates fatigue crack propagation in UHMWPE,” Polymer, 48 35123519 (2007).
  37. Gundiah, M, Ratcliffe, and L. Pruitt, “Determination of Strain Energy Function for Arterial Elastin: Experiments using Histology and Mechanical Tests,” Journal of Biomechanics 40(3) 586-594 (2007).
  38. Li, L.Pruitt, and K. King, “ Nanoindentation Differentiates Tissue-Scale Properties of Native Articular Cartilage,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Sep 15;78(4):729-38 (2006).
  39. M. Ebenstein and L. Pruitt, “Nanoindentation of Biological Materials,” Nano Today 1(3) 27-33 (2006).
  40. Cheng, L. Pruitt, C. Zaloudek, and M. D. Ries, “Osteolysis is caused by Tibial Component Debonding in Total Knee Arthroplasty,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 443 333-336 (2006).
  41. D. Ries, T. Petrie, L. Al-Marashi, E. Young, P. Goldstein, A. Hetherington and L. Pruitt,” In-vivo Behavior of Acrylic Bone Cement in Total Hip Arthroplasty,” Biomaterials, 27(2) 256-261 (2006).
  42. Simis, A. Bistolfi, A. Bellare and L. Pruitt, “The Combined Effects of Crosslinking and Elevated Crystallinity on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Biomaterials 27(9) 1688-1694 (2006).
  43. P.D. Elfick, K. Healy, A.Unsworth, L. Pruitt, “The Importance of Protein Physisorption in BioMEMs/NEMs Applications: A Nanotribological Study” in “Life Cycle Tribology” (Eds Dowson D, Priest M, Dalmaz G, Lubrecht AA), p835-844, Tribology and Interface Engineering Series, No 48, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2005).
  44. Gupta, F. Carrillo, M. Balooch, L. Pruitt, C.M. Puttlitz, “Simulated Soft Tissue Nanoindentation – A Finite Element Study,” Journal of Materials Research 20(8) 1979-1994 (2005).
  45. Ries and L. Pruitt, “Effect of Crosslinking on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of UHMWPE,” Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 440:149-156 (2005).
  46. Carrillo, S. Gupta, M. Balooch, S.J. Marshall, G.W. Marshall, L. Pruitt, C.M. Puttlitz, “Nanoindentation of Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomers: Effect of crosslinking, work of adhesion, and fluid environment on elastic modulus” Journal of Materials Research, 20(10) 2820-2830 (2005).
  47. Pruitt, “Deformation, Yielding, Fracture and Fatigue Behavior of Conventional and Highly Cross-linked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Biomaterials 26 (8) 905-915 (2005).
  48. Bradford, D. Baker, M.D. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance of Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene,” Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, (429): 68-72 (2004).
  49. M. Ebenstein, A. Kuo, J.J. Rodrigo, A. H.Reddi, M.D. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “A Nanoindentation Technique for Functional Evaluation of Cartilage Repair Tissue,” Journal of Materials Research, 19(1), 273-281 (2004).
  50. Zhou, A. Chakravartula, L. Pruitt, and K. Komvopoulos, “Tribological and Nanomechanical Properties of Unmodified and Crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Total Joint Replacements,” Journal of Tribology ASME Trans., 126(2), 386-394 (2004).
  51. Bradford-Collons, D.A. Baker, J. Graham, A. Chawan, M.D. Ries, L. Pruitt, “Wear and Surface Cracking in Early Retrieved Highly Crosslinked Durasul Acetabular Liners,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 86:1271-1282 (2004).
  52. Ebenstein and L. Pruitt, “Nanoindentation of Hydrated Materials for Application to Vascular Tissues, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 69A(2) 222-232 (2004).
  53. Bradford, R. Kurland, M. Sankaran, H. Kim, L. Pruitt, M. Ries, “Early Failure due to Osteolysis in Highly Crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: A Case Report,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 86:1051-1056 (2004).
  54. Graham, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Effect of Bone Porosity on Mechanical Integrity of the Bone-Cement Interface,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 85(A) 10, 1901-1908 (2003).
  55. Li, D. Ebenstein, C. Xu, Chapman, J., Saloner, D., Rapp, J., and L. Pruitt, “Biochemical Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Histology,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Applied Biomaterials, 64A(2) 197-206 (2003).
  56. Hughes, M.D. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Structural Degradation of Acrylic Bone Cement due to In Vivo and Simulated Aging,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 65A:126-135(2003).
  57. A. Baker, A. Bellare, L. Pruitt, “The Effects of Degree of Crosslinking on the Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation Resistance of Orthopedic Grade Polyethylene,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 66A:146-154 (2003).
  58. A. Nauman, D.M. Ebenstein, K.F. Hughes, L. Pruitt, B.P. Halloran, D.D. Bickle, and T.M. Keaveny, “Mechanical and Chemical Characteristics of Mineral Produced by bFGF-Treated Bone Marrow Stromal Cells In Vitro”, Tissue Engineering, 8(6) 931-939 (2002).
  59. B. Gunther, J. Graham, T.R. Norris, M.D. Ries, and L. Pruitt,” Retrieved Glenoid Components: A Classification System for Surface Damage Analysis,” Journal of Arthroplasty, 17(1) 95-100 (2002).
  60. M. Klapperich, L. Pruitt, and K. Komvopoulos, “Nanomechanical Properties of Energetically Treated Polyethylene Surfaces”, Journal of Materials Research, 17(2) 423-430 (2002).
  61. Baker, A. Bellare, and L. Pruitt, “Ultra-Small X-ray Scattering to Detect Fatigue Damage in Polymers,” Journal of Materials Science Letters 20(12) 1163-1164 (2001).
  62. Klapperich, L. Pruitt, and K. Komvopoulos, “Chemical and biological characteristics of low-temperature plasma treated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for biomedical applications,”Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 12 549-556 (2001).
  63. Niedzwiecki, J. Short, S. Jani, W. Sauer, C. Klapperich, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Comparison of Three Viable Wear Debris Isolation Techniques: Acid Digestion, Enzyme Cleavage and the Campbell Method,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 56 245-249 (2001).
  64. Meyer and L. Pruitt, “The Effect of Cyclic True Strain on the Morphology, Structure, and Relaxation Behavior of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Polymer, 42 5293-5306 (2001).
  65. Klapperich, K. Komvopoulos, and L. Pruitt, “Nanoindentation of Various Polymers for the Determination of Surface Mechanical Properties,” ASME Journal of Tribology 123 (3) 624-631 (2001).
  66. Graham, M. Ries, L. Pruitt, and N. Gundiah “Fracture and Fatigue Properties of Acrylic Bone Cement: The Combined Effects of Sterilization and Mixing Method,” Journal of Arthroplasty, 15(8) 1028-1035 (2000).
  67. M. Kurtz, C. M. Rimnac, L. Pruitt, C. W. Jewett, V. Goldberg, and A. A. Edidin, “The Relationship Between the Clinical Performance and Large Deformation Mechanical Behavior of Retrieved UHMWPE Tibial Inserts,” Biomaterials 21 283-291 (2000).
  68. Klapperich, S. Niedzwiecki, M. Ries, and L. Pruitt, “Fluid Sorption of Orthopedic Grade UHMWPE in a Serum Environment is Affected by Surface Area and Sterilization Method,” Applied Biomaterial 53 73-75 (2000).
  69. A. Baker, R.S. Hastings and L. Pruitt, “Compression and Tension Fatigue Resistance of Medical Grade UHMWPE: The Effect Morphology, Sterilization, Aging and Temperature,” Polymer, 41 795-808 (2000).
  70. Klapperich, J. Graham, L. Pruitt, and M. Ries, “Failure of a Metal – Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty from Progressive Osteolysis,” Journal of Arthroplasty, 14 (7) 877-881 (1999).
  71. Baker, R.S. Hastings and L. Pruitt, “A Study of the Fatigue Resistance of Chemical and Radiation Crosslinked Medical Grade UHMWPE”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 46(4), 573-581, (1999).
  72. M. Kurtz, D.J. Crane, L. Pruitt, and A. Edidin, “Evolution of Morphology in UHMWPE Following Accelerated Aging: The Effect of Heating Rates,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 46 (1) 112-120 (1999).
  73. M. Kurtz, L. Pruitt, C.W. Jewett, J.R. Foulds, and A. A. Edidin, “Radiation and Chemical Crosslinking Promote Strain Hardening Behavior and Molecular Alignment in UHMWPE During Multi-axial Conditions,” Biomaterials, 20 (16) 14491462 (1999).
  74. Edidin, L. Pruitt, C.W. Jewett, R.P. Crawford, D. J. Crane, D. Roberts and S.M. Kurtz, “Plasticity-Induced Damage Layer is Precursor to Wear in Radiation-Crosslinked UHMWPE,” Journal of Arthroplasty, 14 (5) 616-627 (1999).
  75. Klapperich, K. Komvopoulos, and L. Pruitt, “Tribological Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Journal of Tribology, 121(2) 394-402 (1999).
  76. M. Kurtz, L. Pruitt, C.W. Jewett, R.P. Crawford, D. J. Crane, and A. A. Edidin, “The Yielding, Plastic Flow and Fracture Behavior of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene used in Total Joint Replacements,” Biomaterials 19/21 1989-2003 (1999).
  77. Catanese, D. Cooke, C. Maas, and L. Pruitt, “Mechanical Properties of Medical Grade Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene: The Effects of Internodal Distance, Density, and Displacement Rate,” Applied Biomaterials 48(2), 187-192 (1999).
  78. Xu and L. Pruitt, “Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings for Orthopedic Applications: An Evaluation of Tribological Performance,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 10 83-90 (1999).
  79. P. Lee, S. Berger, and L. Pruitt, “High Aspect Ratio Polymer Microstructures and Cantilevers for Bio-MEMS Using Low Energy Ion Beam and Photolithography,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 71/1-2 144-149 (1998).
  80. Goldman, G. Long, R. Gronsky, and L. Pruitt, “The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and Sterilization on Structure of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 62, 97-104 (1998).
  81. Goldman and L. Pruitt, “A Comparison of the Effects of Gamma Radiation and Low Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma Sterilization on the Molecular Structure, Fatigue Resistance and Wear Behavior of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 40 (3), 378-384 (1998).
  82. Goldman, R. Gronsky, and L. Pruitt, “The Influence of Sterilization Technique and Aging on the Structure and Morphology of Medical Grade Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, 207-212 (1998).
  83. Pruitt and L. Bailey, “Factors Affecting the Near-Threshold Fatigue Behavior of Surgical Grade Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene”, Polymer, 39, 1545- 1553 (1998).
  84. Greene, L. Pruitt and C.S. Maas, “Biomechanical Effects of e-PTFE Implant Structure on Soft Tissue Implantation Stability: A Study in the Porcine Model,” The Laryngoscope Journal, July 107, 957- 962 (1997).
  85. Goldman, M. Lee, R. Gronsky and L. Pruitt, “Oxidation of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37(1) 43-50 (1997).
  86. Pruitt and D. Rondinone, “The Effect of Specimen Thickness and Load Ratio on the Fatigue Behavior of Polycarbonate”, Polymer Science and Engineering, Mid-May 36 (9), 1300-1305, (1996).
  87. Goldman, R. Ranganathan, R. Gronsky, and L.Pruitt, “The Effects of Gamma Radiation Sterilization and Aging on the Structure and Morphology of Medical Grade Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,” Polymer 37(14) 2909-2913 (1996).
  88. Pruitt and R. Ranganathan, “Effect of Sterilization on the Structure and Fatigue Resistance of Medical Grade UHMWPE,” Materials Science and Engineering, C3 91-93 (1995).
  89. Pruitt, J. Koo, C. Rimnac, S. Suresh, and T. Wright, “Cyclic Compressive Loading Results in Fatigue Cracks in Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, “ Clinical Orthopaedics, 13 143-146 (1995).
  90. Pruitt and S. Suresh, “Cyclic Stress Fields Ahead of Tension Fatigue Cracks in Amorphous Polymers”, Polymer, 3221-3229 (1994).
  91. Pruitt and S. Suresh, “Cyclic Stress Fields For Fatigue Cracks in Amorphous Solids: Experimental Measurements and Their Implications”, Philosophical Magazine A, 67, 1219-1245, (1993).
  92. Pruitt, R. Herman and S. Suresh, “Fatigue Crack Growth in Polymers Subjected to Fully Compressive Cyclic Loads”, Journal of Materials Science,  27, 1608-1616, (1992).
  93. Pruitt and S. Suresh, “Fatigue Crack Growth in Graphite-Epoxy Composites Subjected to Cyclic Compressive Loads,” Journal of Materials Science Letters,11, 1356-1360, (1992).
  94. J. Gregory, L. Pruitt, E. E. Crisman, C. Roberts and P. J. Stiles, “Native Oxides Formed on Single Crystal Germanium by Wet Chemical Reactions,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 135, 923-929, (1988).